A Critical Discourse on Divergent System of Education
Evaluating Youth Engagements for a Secure Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48112/aessr.v3i2.472Abstract
Abstract Views: 830
This study investigated the divergent system of education in Pakistan with a special focus on evaluating youth engagement contributing to a secure Pakistan. Youth engagement activities were explored with respect to economic, social, and political context. The study adopted a descriptive strategy following a qualitative approach. Nine participants from government institutions, private institutions and madrasahs were selected using convenient sampling technique for data collection. Interviews with structured questions were designed to apply the thematic analysis. The findings show that a small segment of private schools understand its significance and engage their students in activities that facilitate them to understand the concepts such as entrepreneurship, business engagements, small and large-scale businesses, and ideas related to such business domain. It was found that only a few public schools responded to promote leadership skills in their respective schools through various classroom practices and school activities. The respondents of madrasahs perceive political engagement of youth by affiliating themselves with a political party. The findings show a mixed response to the political engagement of youth. However, the realization of its significance in the current times has been found among all respondents. In accordance with the social engagement of youth, there seems to be a proper system in place for fostering social skills amongst the students in private schools.
Keywords:
Critical Discourse, Divergent System, Secure Pakistan, Youth EngagementReferences
Amin, R. U., & Soomro, K. A. (2021). Decentralization of education: The affective role of fiscal decentralization in Pakistani education system (s). FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 15(1), 41-51.
Carter, B., & Caton, C. (2022). Primed for violence: Intrareligious conflict and the state in sectarian societies. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2022.2083933
Chermahini, S. (2011). Creative mood swings: Divergent and convergent thinking affect mood in opposite ways. Psychological Research, 76(5). 634-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-011-0358-z
Cuoco, A., Goldenberg, E. P., & Mark, J. (1996). Habits of mind: An organizing principle for mathematics curricula. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 15(4), 375-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0732-3123(96)90023-1
Daniel, M. F., & Bergman-Drewe, S. (1998). Higher-order thinking, philosophy, and teacher education in physical education. Quest, 50(1), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1998.10484263
Davis, M. A. (2009). Understanding the relationship between mood and creativity: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decisions Processes, 108, 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.04.001
Donehower Paul, C., Bukaty, C. A., & Dieker, L. (2020). Teacher professional learning using simulation: a Delphi study. Teacher Development, 24(1), 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2019.1694574
Fuller, C. (2014). Social capital and the role of trust in aspirations for higher education. Educational Review, 66(2), 131-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2013.768956
Gerwig, A., Miroshnik, K., Forthmann, B., Benedek, M., Karwowski, M., & Holling, H. (2021). The relationship between intelligence and divergent thinking—A meta-analytic update. Journal of Intelligence, 9(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence9020023
Gist, C., Jackson, I., Nightengale-Lee, B., & Allen, K. (2019). Culturally responsive pedagogy in teacher education. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.266
Guilford, J. P., & Vaughan, A. T. (1962). Factors that aid and hinder creativity. Teachers College Record, 63(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146816206300503
Hargrove, R., & Rice, A. (2015). The challenge of beginning. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 34(2), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12027
Hebert, T. P., Cramond, B., Spiers Neumeister, K. L., Millar, G., & Silvian, A. F. (2002). E. Paul Torrance: His life, accomplishments, and legacy. National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented.
Khushik, F., & Diemer, A. (2018). Critical analysis of education policies in Pakistan: A sustainable development perspective. Social Science Learning Education Journal, 3(09), 01-16. https://doi.org/10.15520/sslej.v3i09.2282
Latif, A. (2009). A critical analysis of school enrollment and literacy rates of girls and women in Pakistan. Educational Studies, 45(5), 424-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131940903190477
Latif, A., Choudhary, A. I., & Hammayun, A. A. (2015). Economic effects of student dropouts: A comparative study. Journal of Global Economics. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2375-4389.1000137
Magistretti, S., Ardito, L., & Messeni Petruzzelli, A. (2021). Framing the microfoundations of design thinking as a dynamic capability for innovation: Reconciling theory and prac-tice. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 38(6), 645-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12586
Marsden, M. (2008). Muslim cosmopolitans? Transnational life in northern Pakistan. The Journal of Asian Studies, 67(1), 213-247. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021911808000077
Mathrani, A., Sarvesh, T., & Umer, R. (2022). Digital divide framework: Online learning in developing countries during the COVID-19 lockdown. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 20(5), 625-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1981253
Morais, M. F., & Azevedo, I. (2011). What is a creative teacher and what is a creative pupil? Perceptions of teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 12, 330-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.02.042
Nazar, N., Österman, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2021). Acceptance of violence and its concomitants among students from three types of schools in Pakistan. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7(2), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.26417/957yvq82c
Palmiero, M., Di Giacomo, D., & Passafiume, D. (2014). Divergent thinking and age-related changes. Creativity Research Journal, 26(4), 456-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2014.961786
Qadeer, M. (2006). Pakistan-social and cultural transformations in a Muslim Nation. Routledge.
Qadir, A. (2011). Tangential modernity: Culture of higher education reform in Pakistan. Tampe-re University Press.
Rahman, K., & Bukhari, S. R. (2006). Pakistan: Religious education and institutions. The Muslim World, 96(2), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2006.00131.x
Rahman, T. (2004). Denizens of alien worlds: A survey of students and teachers at Pakistan’s Urdu and English language-medium schools, and madrassas. Contemporary South Asia, 13(3), 307-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/0958493042000272212
Rehman & Roomi, M. A. (2012). Gender and work‐life balance: A phenomenological study of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001211223865
Riaz, S. (2014). The educational system in Pakistan and the place of islamic schooling. In New Islamic Schools (pp. 49-86). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137382474_3
Runco, M. A. (2008). Commentary: Divergent thinking is not synonymous with creativity. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2(2), 93-96. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1931-3896.2.2.93
Sas, M., Ponnet, K., Reniers, G., & Hardyns, W. (2020). The role of education in the prevention of radicalization and violent extremism in developing countries. Sustainability, 12(6), 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12062320
Shah, F. H. (2022). The reality of change: Teachers’ perceptions about curriculum reform in Pakistan. In English language teaching in Pakistan (pp. 143-158). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7826-4_11
Sowden, P. T., Clements, L., Redlich, C., & Lewis, C. (2015). Improvisation facilitates divergent thinking and creativity: Realizing a benefit of primary school arts education. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(2), 128. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000018
Steiner-Khamsi, G. (2016). Standards are good (for) business: Standardised comparison and the private sector in education. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 14(2), 161-182. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2015.1014883
Upshaw, J. D., Davis, W. M., & Zabelina, D. L. (2022). iCreate: Social media use, divergent thinking, and real-life creative achievement. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 8(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000306
Vincent, A. S., Decker, B. P., & Mumford, M. D. (2002). Divergent thinking, intelligence, and expertise: A test of alternative models. Creativity research journal, 14(2), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1402_4
Yasmin, M., & Sohail, A. (2017). Realizing learner autonomy in Pakistan: EFL teachers’ beliefs about their practices. International Journal of English Linguistics, 8(2), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n2p153
Zach, S., & Ophir, M. (2020). Using simulation to develop divergent and reflective thinking in teacher education. Sustainability, 12(7), 2879. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072879
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Academy of Education and Social Sciences Review

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

















