Biomedicine and Chemical Sciences

Electrochemical Behaviour Study of KF in Artificial Saliva Mediated by GCE Using Cyclic Voltammetry

Noor Abdul Sahib Abass — 2023-07-01

A new study used potassium fluoride (KF) in different concentrations (2% and 5%), one of the components in the complete denture as supported material. The study aims to find the electrochemical analysis by cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique of the physical properties of this material and the influence in artificial saliva (AS) by oxidation–reduction peak current in the oral cavity. This study used a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a working electrode, Ag/AgCL as a reference electrode, and platinum wire as an auxiliary electrode in the cyclic voltammetry cell. Different physical properties such as concentration, pH, scan rate, and reproducibility study were used in the potential-state. The results showed two oxidation peaks current at 1.4 and 0.75 Volt characterize to the artificial saliva and KF respectively, and one reduction peak current at -0.5 Volt for KF. All peaks were enhanced by increasing the concentrations and scan rates that indicate the study in the right response. Using different pH, the oxidation peak of KF disappeared in alkaline pH and enhanced in an acidic medium, so the KF ions act as an oxidative reagent in artificial saliva of acidic pH, and antioxidant in alkaline pH at a limited concentration of KF in the cavity of the mouth. The low concentration of KF (2%) used in the component of total denture is more favourable than the high concentration (5%). In addition, it is better to store the total denture in an alkaline solution after use to avoid any damage to the mouth cells.

Malathion-induced Biochemical and Molecular Changes in the Brain of Danio rerio as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress Damage

Abeer G. Al-Sawafi — 2023-07-01

Malathion is the most widely used organophosphorus pesticide in freshwater ecosystems around the world. In Danio rerio brain specimens, the effects of MAL exposure on oxidative stress stimulation and acetylcholinsterase, as well as gene expression and histology, were investigated. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxides dismutase and catalase) and AChE levels changed widely in brain. The mRNA levels of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes such as Cu/Zn–SOD, Mn–SOD, and COX-17 did not increase when zebrafish were exposed to varied levels of MAL for 5 and 25 days. CAT, GPx, CYP1A, and AChE transcription were all enhanced significantly following exposure to MAL levels (P<0.05). Variations in the brain's antioxidant enzyme did not match mRNA induction patterns. Furthermore, with higher exposure time and dose, pathological changes included more severe tissue harm. These alterations are common cellular responses for pesticides and are expected to be an important signal in ecotoxicology studies. Given our findings, the Danio rerio can be used as a model organism for the further research of pesticide effects on the CNS and the various mechanisms involved.

Molecular Identification of Four Eruca Sativa L. Cultivars using RAPD Markers

Rusul Abd Al Mahdi Faisal Al Kufee — 2023-07-01

The current study was conducted at University of Kufa, Faculty of Science, Biology Department for molecular identification of four Eruca sativa L. cultivars (1-Turish 2-Syrian 3-Turkish 4-Eygyptian) using eleven Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA. Results indicate primers OPA-04, OPA-10, OPA-02, OPW-04, OPC-09,v and OPD-13 success in giving all cultivars a unique fingerprint .Highest number of main bands , polymorphic bands and discriminatory value were 20 , 18 and 20.22% respectively produced by OPA-02. Highest value for amplified band number and monomorphic bands were 44 and band produced by primers OPX-17 and OPD-13 respectively. Highest value for both polymorphism and Efficiency were 94.11% and 0.48 respectively produced by primer OPA-04. Genetic relationship and genetic distance among E.sativa cultivars distribution unrelated to their geographical origin. RAPD markers are efficient tool in studying E.sativa germplasm.

Isolation and Identification of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria from Different Types of Cheese in Baghdad’s Local Markets

Ali Nayyef Umayra — 2023-07-01

The current study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of different types of bacteria in cheese samples. A total of 100 samples of white cheese were collected from different locally supermarkets. Plate Count Agar was used to determine the total Counts of the samples. Ten milliliters of the pre-enrichment, sample were incubated in Petri dishes from Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA), Mannitol Salt agar, and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar) mixing vigorously to ensure homogeneity. The agar was put upside-down in the laboratory incubator that was set to 37°C overnight. Plates with 20 to 300 colonies were counted using Manual Colony Counter with a 100mm magnifying glass. The results of current survey based on microbial plate counts showed that there are different types of bacteria present in different kinds of cheese samples. The most predominant bacterial species isolated from cheese were E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus in which a considerable number of contaminations with these bacteria were detected. The current study demonstrated a high number of bacterial isolates particularly E. coli and S. aureus in the cheese samples as a result of poor cheese manufacturing and storage conditions, inadequate refrigeration, and a lack of quality control measures throughout transportation.

Assessment of Antibacterial Activity in Vitro

Aesha Saber Ali — 2023-07-01

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most essential and interesting nano materials between different metallic nanoparticles that are implicated in biomedical utilization. The expansion number of resistant bacteria create an inquiry for new antibiotic methods. Metallic nanoparticles have derived as a new platform against different microorganisms. The nanoparticles can by oxidative stress damaging the membrane of bacteria and DNA. Synthesis novel sliver nanoparticles using different reducing and stabilizing agents and Study antibacterial activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesis by utilizing green, simple and easy approach chemical reduction method using glucose as reducing and gelatin as stabilizing agent. The optimum conditions of AgNPs synthesizing were obtained by varying the concentration of AgNO₃, concentration ratio of glucose /AgNO₃ and temperature. The synthesized AgNPs were determined by UV—vis spectrum. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Chemistry method for producing. The obtained AgNPs with particle size 75.7nm. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) showed excellent antibacterial against Gram -negative bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus.

Electrochemical Analysis of CuO NPs in Artificial Saliva at Different Concentrations, pH, and Scan Rates Using Cyclic Voltammetry

Maha Hussaien Al-Mhana — 2023-07-01

In this study, the effect of nanoparticles of copper oxide (CuO NPs) dissolved in heat polymerizing acrylic-based soft liner was studied in artificial saliva that was used in the total denture in the mouth was identified, using the electrochemical method, to characterize the extent of the effect of nanoparticles on the oral cavity. Different concentrations (0.3% and 0.5% CuO NPs), pH, scan rates, and reproducibility were studied. The study concluded that the low percentage of 0.3% CuO NPs has less effect than the percentage of 0.5% CuO NPs by redox reaction in the artificial saliva. Furthermore, the acidic pH of the medium has less affected in oxidant that shows reduction peak appeared in the range of pH 2-6, so the nanoparticles of CuO save the acidity of the mouth, while the alkaline pH causes the oxidative effect in the artificial saliva. It can be used the nano copper to improve the chemical properties in the mouth medium.

Electrochemical Effect of Omega 3 Fatty Acid in Milk at Different Temperatures by Cyclic Voltammetry

Hind Jaber Hassoon — 2023-07-01

In this study, a new method to determine the extent effect of chemical interference between omega 3 fatty acid (fish oil), and milk solution (lactose) was used by electrochemistry procedure through oxidation-reduction of electric current peaks. The different temperature factors and their effect on the oxidation peak of omega-3 in the milk medium were applied to determine the values of activation energy (E_a*) and other thermodynamic values were calculated, such as enthalpy (ΔH*), free energy (ΔG*), and entropy (ΔS*). The results of the analysis showed that there is only one reduction peak of omega 3 fatty acid in milk, which proves that fish oils with lactose milk have an effective antioxidant effect on the body of the organism in addition to the benefits envisaged by these oils. Temperature is the main action to destruction of milk proteins above 50 ^oC, in addition to the effect of omega-3 on the milk as well.

Endemicity of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Its Associated Risk Factors among Children in Danbatta, Northwestern Nigeria

Timothy Auta — 2023-07-01

Urogenital schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzias is a digenean parasitic infection, classified among the neglected tropical diseases, which has remained endemic in Nigeria, despite efforts in mass drugs administration (MDA) across the country. This study reported the endemicity of urogenital schistosomiasis and its associated risks factors among children in Danbatta, Northwestern Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among children of Danbatta, Kano State, Northwestern Nigeria. A total of 400 urine samples were collected from children in 4 conventional Primary Schools (198) and 4 Tsangaya (almajiris) schools (202). Urine sedimentation microscopy technique was used in sample analysis. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and other exposure information to explore associated risk factors for the infection. Data were expressed in prevalence (%) and subjected to chi-square analysis at 95%CI, p≤0.05. Out of the 400 children, 282 70.5% turned out positive, with Tsangaya children having highest infection prevalence, 92.6% compared to Primary School children, and was significant with type of school (χ²=95.611, p=0.000). Those who visited water body for irrigation purposes and those who visited daily had highest prevalence of 83.3% and 88.6% respectively. In addition, those who visited water bodies in the afternoon hours had highest prevalence of 85.6%. Urogenital schistosomiasis is hyper-endemic in Danbatta despite previous MDAs and activities that involve contact with water bodies are predisposing factors. Strategic and all-inclusive MDAs should be deployed to Danbatta to arrest the surge in endemicity of urogenital schistosomiasis.

Boron Concentration Measurement in Well Water

Mostafa Ahmed Algrifi — 2023-07-01

The present work used ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission Spectrometry) and SSNTDs (Solid-State Nuclear Track Detectors) to evaluate boron quantities in 9 water well samples collected from various places in Basrah governorate's south. Boron concentrations in the ICP-OES method ranged from (4.3 - 9.3) mg/L, with an average value of 6.493 mg/L. In the SSNTDs, boron concentrations ranged from (4.8 - 9.8) mg/L, with an average value of 6.766 mg/L. Results obtained from water well samples using ICP/OES methods, SSNTDs respectively exceed the permissible limits of 5.0 mg/L in these regions.

Two Cases of Skin Mycosis Due to Hanseniaspora Opuntiae and Cutaneotrichosporon Mucoides at Basrah Southern of Iraq

Haneen M. Abdulhafedh — 2023-07-01

Mycoses of the skin are a group of infections that affect the skin and its appendages, mainly caused by dermatophytic fungi, and may be caused by yeasts or rearly by non-dermatophytic molds. Skin swabs collected from 60 patients attending the Dermatology Clinics at Madinah Central Hospital and Al-Fayhaa General Hospital in Basrah province from October 2021 to March 2022 were surveyed for the presence of dermatomycoses. Direct microscopical examination was carried out with 15% KOH, and repeated cultures were performed on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol showed the same colonies. In this paper,we present two interesting cases in which Hanseniaspora opuntiae HAM17 and Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides HAM14 can be distinctly identified as causative agent of cutaneous mycoses. In the first case, we describe a new etiologic agent, Hanseniaspora opuntiae HAM17, which was implicated in a cutaneous infection in a 45-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus, and to the best of our knowledege, it represents the fourth clinical case due to this fungus in the world. The second case involved cutaneous mycosis due to Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides HAM14 in a 23-year-old woman showed inflammatory lesions similar to acne on the back, and she was suffering from hormonal disorders. This case and the etiologic agent are reported for the first time in Iraq. The isolated yeast species were examined and purified for phenotypic identification and genetical analysis using the primers ITS1-ITS4. Sequences were deposited into Japanese Genbank as new strains under accession numbers LC722487 and LC722484.

Synthesis Nanoparticles of Copper and Dicopper Oxide via Change Atmosphere of Copper Ablation

Ahmed Hussein Mohammed Al-Antaki — 2023-07-01

The fabrication technique to synthesis dicopper oxide nanoparticles (Cu₂ONPs) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) is laser ablation by a pure copper rod. To save the environmental system, we converted setup of device to develop the clean technology. In addition, the solvent using in both systems is water (green chemistry) without agent or surfactant. The average size of Cu₂ONPs is 20 nm via enclosed platform of air under 600 mJ of laser power for 1h. However, the average size is 12 nm to generate CuNPs under N₂ gas and 600 mJ of laser power for 1h. The morphology and the shape of the particles explain by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images. Also, the average size of the nanoparticles proved by measuring of 100 particles by using TEM image. In addition, The High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) image explains the distance between the layers in CuNPs which is 0.21 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) of the product show the type of nanoparticles’ structure.

Watery Diarrhea of Cryptosporidium in Paediatrics

Weam. A. Hamad — 2023-07-01

The aim of this study is to detect Cryptosporidium infection causing cryptosporidiosis in AL -Qadisiyah province, Iraq. This study includes the test of 115 stool samples were collected from children of both sexes, aged one month to five years, suffering from diarrhea and hospitalized in the children's hospital. An investigative study was conducted on a parasite. The samples were analyzed using Zyl-Nelson staining. The results showed an overall infection rate of 39.13%, of which 26.08% occurred in rural areas and 13.04% in center areas. Most of the infections occurred at 1-12 months of age, higher than other age groups 12.17% early age the most susceptible to infection and there was no significant difference between male and female infections.